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simultaneously. Open source sharing is common among them. Clients or customers are often personally involved in the development of new products, but also tend to be suppliers. Many techniques are also miniaturised these days which allows for production no longer to be a huge investment. Moreover, crowdfunding enables neighbours, friends and individuals to be involved in the business-ecosystem. In the past century, the tendency has been to reduce complexity and separate activities. But, like in nature, resilience and biodiversity can only thrive if many mutually beneficial relationships are built and maintained.

The architect in an ecosystem

When we set up our agency 19 years ago, we intended to create an architecture that would integrate all streams (water, energy, users and materials) since the beginning of a project. We considered each design task as a system, whose flows were first analysed. Each stream itself would be in a cyclical relationship with its own environment and with the other streams. During that time, the design of sustainable energy and water systems in the sustainable architecture field was well- developed. But there was little attention for materials. When we realised that, we developed a specific method and the necessary tools. We called it: Superuse, the development of waste materials into building materials, using as little energy for transportation and processing.

An important aspect of (re)using waste is that we pay more attention to the material. Existing materials have very specific technical and aesthetic properties and it is not always easy to get them. As a result, the design of an object or a building is strongly subject to these characteristics. As for us, we look at design and construction process in a dynamic way, resulting from a combination

BEYOND WORDS

l écosystème de l entreprise. Au siècle dernier, la tendance consistait à réduire la complexité et à séparer les activités. Mais, comme dans la nature, la résilience et la biodiversité ne peuvent prospérer qu en établissant et entretenant de nombreuses relations mutuellement bénéfiques.

L architecte dans un écosystème

Lorsque nous avons fondé notre agence il y a 19 ans, nous voulions créer une architecture qui intégrerait tous les flux (eau, énergie, matériaux et utilisateur) dès le début d un projet. Nous avons considéré chaque phase du design comme un système dont les flux devaient d abord être analysés. Chaque flux lui-même était dans une relation cyclique avec son propre environnement et avec les autres flux. À cette même période, la conception de systèmes d approvisionnement en eau et en énergies renouvelables dans le milieu de l architecture durable était déjà bien développée. Mais peu d attention était accordée aux matériaux. Lorsque nous avons pris conscience de cela, nous avons élaboré une méthodologie spécifique ainsi que les outils nécessaires. Nous l avons donc appelée Superuse. Elle consiste à

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