16

15-30% ≤ 100%

12-20%2-10%

44% 1% 1% 1%

12V

12V

48V

12V 12V

> 400V > 500 V

12V

400V

4

500V48V

48V

THE ROAD AHEAD

ELECTRICFULL-HYBRID OPTIONAL PLUG-IN TYPE

MILD-HYBRIDSTART-STOP MICRO-HYBRID

FUEL/POWER INPUT

VEHICLE PROPULSION

BATTERY TECHNOLOGY

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

REDUCTION IN CO2

2020 EUROPEAN LIGHT VEHICLE MARKET BY PROPULSION TYPE

Fossil* Fossil* Fossil* ElectricElectric

AGM or EFB

AGM or Li-Ion Auxiliary AGM or Li-Ion AuxiliaryAGM or Li-Ion AuxiliaryAGM or Li-Ion Auxiliary

Start-Stop + Regenerative braking & coasting (optional)

Start-Stop + Regenerative braking & coasting

Start-Stop + Regenerative braking, coasting & kinetic

Regenerative braking & coasting

Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion

Full Engine Engine supported by electric motor Engine or electric motor

...especially coasting and acceleration

...subject to available battery energy

Full Electric

Subject to level of renewable

energy

Full electric cars still represent a very small percentage of the European car parc. Mild and Full Hybrid cars are entering the market, but Start-Stop (Micro-Hybrid) remains by far the most popular technology with car manufacturers.

Source: LMC & Exide estimates for EU27 + UK & EFTA* Fossil fuels include: petrol, diesel and CNG

53% Standard Cars

53% Standard Cars

53% Standard Cars

53% Standard Cars