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The Cost of High Emissions for Fleet Operators Higher Fuel Costs

Higher Road Taxes

Higher Toll & Parking Charges

Higher charges to enter Low Emission Zones

These are the key economic factors driving operators to upgrade their fleets by purchasing new Euro5/6 vehicles, fitting new engines or approved filter systems.

European Low-Emission Zones (LEZ) As of 2019, around 250 cities and towns in twelve countries across Europe, operate or are preparing to introduce Low- Emission Zones (LEZ s) to help meet EU health-based air quality limit values.

Restrictions are applied mainly to older diesel-engine trucks and buses, but increasingly diesel cars too. This means that vehicles may be banned from a LEZ, or a charge is made to enter the zone when emissions exceed a predefined level.

Example: Greater London - the largest LEZ in the world. Daily charge over 220* for a truck over 3.5 tons gross weight.

London Ultra Low-Emission Zones (ULEZ) Introduced in 2019 all trucks and buses within a separate ULEZ must meet or exceed Euro 6 standard or pay 110*. Enlargement of zones and tougher emission standards are planned for 2021. *Approx. exchange rate June 2020. Source: Transport for London

EUROPEAN EMISSION STANDARDS FOR TRUCKS AND BUSES

This table summarises the emission standards and their implementation dates for new type approvals. A different set of standards apply to passenger cars and light commercial vehicles (pls also refer to p. 17).

Euro 1 1993 CV

Euro 4 2006

Euro 5 2009

Euro 6 2013

67 5 4 3 2 1

0.10

0.20

0.30

Euro 2 1996

Euro 3 2001

0.4

0.01

-15% vs. 2019 -30%

vs. 2019

2025 2030

NOx (g/kWh) Nitrogen Oxides

PM (g/kWh) Particulate Matter

CO2 Emission